Bible Synapse

Who was high priest when David ate the holy bread?

Hard question · Prophecy and its fulfilment · raised by 3 of the lists sceptics circulate

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The passages

1 Samuel 21:1–6

David comes to Ahimelech the priest at Nob, who gives him the hallowed bread.

Then came David to Nob to Ahimelech the priest: and Ahimelech was afraid at the meeting of David, and said unto him, Why art thou alone, and no man with thee? And David said unto Ahimelech the priest, The king hath commanded me a business, and hath said unto me, Let no man know any thing of the business whereabout I send thee, and what I have commanded thee: and I have appointed my servants to such and such a place. Now therefore what is under thine hand? give me five loaves of bread in mine hand, or what there is present. And the priest answered David, and said, There is no common bread under mine hand, but there is hallowed bread; if the young men have kept themselves at least from women. And David answered the priest, and said unto him, Of a truth women have been kept from us about these three days, since I came out, and the vessels of the young men are holy, and the bread is in a manner common, yea, though it were sanctified this day in the vessel. So the priest gave him hallowed bread: for there was no bread there but the shewbread, that was taken from before the Lord, to put hot bread in the day when it was taken away.

1 Samuel 22:20–23

Abiathar, a son of Ahimelech, alone escapes Saul’s massacre of the priests of Nob and flees to David.

And one of the sons of Ahimelech the son of Ahitub, named Abiathar, escaped, and fled after David. And Abiathar shewed David that Saul had slain the Lord’s priests. And David said unto Abiathar, I knew it that day, when Doeg the Edomite was there, that he would surely tell Saul: I have occasioned the death of all the persons of thy father’s house. Abide thou with me, fear not: for he that seeketh my life seeketh thy life: but with me thou shalt be in safeguard.

Mark 2:25–26

Jesus says David entered the house of God “in the days of Abiathar the high priest” and ate the shewbread.

And he said unto them, Have ye never read what David did, when he had need, and was an hungred, he, and they that were with him? How he went into the house of God in the days of Abiathar the high priest, and did eat the shewbread, which is not lawful to eat but for the priests, and gave also to them which were with him?

2 Samuel 8:17

In David’s reign, Zadok and “Ahimelech the son of Abiathar” are the priests.

And Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, were the priests; and Seraiah was the scribe;

The objection

According to 1 Samuel 21, the priest who gave David the holy bread at Nob was Ahimelech. Mark reports Jesus as saying it happened “in the days of Abiathar the high priest” (Mark 2:26), and Abiathar was Ahimelech’s son. Bart Ehrman and others take this as a plain error.

The answer

Mark does not say that Abiathar was high priest at the moment David ate the bread. The Greek is epi Abiathar archiereōs, ‘at the time of Abiathar, high priest’, and the New Testament uses epi with a name in just this way, to date an event by a well-known figure: “in the time of Eliseus the prophet” (Luke 4:27), “in the days of Claudius Cesar” (Acts 11:28). Abiathar was a son of Ahimelech in the priestly town of Nob, and may well have been there that day. He alone escaped when Saul had the priests killed, fled to David with the ephod (1 Samuel 22:20; 23:6), and served David as priest, alongside Zadok, for the rest of David’s life (1 Kings 2:26–27).

To date the incident by him is like saying that something happened ‘in the days of King David’ while David was still a fugitive. Luke uses the title loosely in the same way, dating John’s preaching to the high priesthood ‘of Annas and Caiaphas’ (Luke 3:2), though only Caiaphas then held the office. Mark names the priest his readers would know best: one who was probably there, and whose name stayed bound up with David’s story.

Other answers Christians give

‘In the passage about Abiathar’

The same construction can point to a passage of Scripture: Jesus speaks of what God said to Moses ‘at the bush’, meaning the passage about the bush (Mark 12:26). Some scholars suggest that Mark 2:26 likewise means ‘in the section about Abiathar’, the part of 1 Samuel in which he appears. The difficulty is that Abiathar is named only at the end of that story.

Two names in one family

Later passages speak of “Ahimelech the son of Abiathar” as priest under David (2 Samuel 8:17; 1 Chronicles 24:6), reversing the pair in 1 Samuel. John Gill suggested that father and son were each known by both names, so that Ahimelech could also be called Abiathar, and Adam Clarke reports the same idea.

Still open

This is one of the harder questions in the Gospels. Christian scholars who hold the Bible to be without error differ over which explanation is best, and some older commentators, such as Keil and Delitzsch, concluded that Mark had confused the two names.

From the classic commentators

the evangelist does not say that Abiathar was high priest, when David came and eat the showbread; he only says, ‘it was in the days of Abiathar the high priest’: for certain it is, that this happened in his days; and as certain, that he was an high priestJohn Gill, Exposition of the Bible, on Mark 2:26

Sources

Further reading

Raised by: Shabir Ally, 101 Clear Contradictions in the Bible, Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus, Interrupted (2009), The Skeptic’s Annotated Bible. Only the verse references come from these lists.

Checked 2026-10-22. All hard questions