Which commandments did Jesus list for the rich young man?

None of the Gospels presents its list as complete or in a fixed order. Jesus was not reciting the Ten Commandments; he was pointing the man to the commandments about our neighbour, the second half of the law, to test his claim to have kept them. Each Gospel gives a selection, and the order itself varies: Matthew begins with murder and Luke with adultery, and Mark and Luke put honouring parents last. As Gill notes, Jewish teachers themselves said that the law has ‘no first nor last’, meaning that its commands may be cited in any order.

The extra items in Matthew and Mark sum up or apply the same commandments. Matthew adds “Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself” (Leviticus 19:18), which Paul calls the summary of these very commands (Romans 13:9). Mark’s “Defraud not” recalls Leviticus 19:13, “Thou shalt not defraud thy neighbour”. It probably stands for the tenth commandment, against coveting, put into action, which suited a rich man; Barnes takes it as the substance of the ninth and tenth together. That is exactly where the young man failed, for when told to sell what he had and give to the poor, he went away sorrowful (Matthew 19:21–22). The three Gospels agree on the point of the conversation and on its outcome.