Bible Synapse

Does God know everything, or does he have to find things out?

Hard question · Who God is · raised by 3 of the lists sceptics circulate

Poetry and figures of speechThe meaning of a word
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The passages

Psalms 139:2–4

God knows David’s sitting and rising, understands his thoughts “afar off”, and knows every word before it is spoken.

Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, thou understandest my thought afar off. Thou compassest my path and my lying down, and art acquainted with all my ways. For there is not a word in my tongue, but, lo, O Lord, thou knowest it altogether.

Acts 1:24

The apostles pray to the Lord, “which knowest the hearts of all men”.

And they prayed, and said, Thou, Lord, which knowest the hearts of all men, shew whether of these two thou hast chosen,

Genesis 18:20–21

God will go down to see whether Sodom has done as its outcry says, “and if not, I will know”.

And the Lord said, Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their sin is very grievous; I will go down now, and see whether they have done altogether according to the cry of it, which is come unto me; and if not, I will know.

Genesis 3:9

After Adam hides, “the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou?”

And the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou?

Deuteronomy 8:2

The wilderness years humbled and tested Israel “to know what was in thine heart”.

And thou shalt remember all the way which the Lord thy God led thee these forty years in the wilderness, to humble thee, and to prove thee, to know what was in thine heart, whether thou wouldest keep his commandments, or no.

Genesis 22:12

After Abraham’s test: “now I know that thou fearest God”.

And he said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him: for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from me.

The objection

Psalm 139 and Acts 1:24 say God knows every thought and every heart. Yet the Lord “came down to see the city and the tower” of Babel (Genesis 11:5); in Genesis 18:21 he says he will go down to Sodom to see whether the outcry against it is true, “and if not, I will know”; he asks Adam, “Where art thou?”; he tests Israel “to know what was in thine heart” (Deuteronomy 8:2); and after Abraham’s test he says, “now I know that thou fearest God”. A God who has to find things out does not seem to know everything.

The answer

These passages describe God acting in ways people can see and understand, not God gathering facts he lacked. The same books affirm his complete knowledge. In the very chapter about Sodom the Lord knows that Sarah “laughed within herself” (Genesis 18:12–13), and in Deuteronomy he says of Israel, “I know their imagination which they go about, even now” (31:21).

In Genesis 18:21 God speaks like a judge who examines a case before passing sentence: Sodom is not condemned on hearsay, and the same is true of Babel (11:5). Gill noted that this is said ‘after the manner of men’, to show the justice of God’s proceedings and to set judges an example. The question “Where art thou?” is the kind a parent asks a child who is hiding: it invites Adam to come out and confess.

The Hebrew yada, ‘know’, often means knowing by experience, or acknowledging what has been shown. Abraham’s test and Israel’s years in the wilderness brought into the open, as facts of history, what was in their hearts, so that they and every later reader might know it. Keil and Delitzsch say that God tested Israel by placing them where they would reveal what was in their heart; Calvin, that God here speaks ‘not according to his own infinite wisdom, but according to our infirmity’.

From the classic commentators

But how can any thing become known to God, to whom all things have always been present? Truly, by condescending to the manner of men, God here says that what he has proved by experiment, is now made known to himself. And he speaks thus with us, not according to his own infinite wisdom, but according to our infirmity.John Calvin, Commentary on Genesis 22:12 (1554), at Bible Hub
this is spoken after the manner of men; for otherwise God saw all their wickedness … but this method he proposes to take, to show the justice of his proceedings, and to instruct judges, and set an example to them, not to condemn any without thoroughly examining their causeJohn Gill, Exposition of the Bible: Genesis 18:21 (1746–63), at Bible Hub

Sources

Further reading

Raised by: W. H. Burr, Self-Contradictions of the Bible (1860), EvilBible.com, The Skeptic’s Annotated Bible. Only the verse references come from these lists.

Checked 2026-10-22. All hard questions