Romans 9

King James Version · 33 verses · 1,131 cross-references linking it to 439 other chapters

1. 1I say the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost,48 cross-references: 1 Timothy 2:7, Romans 1:9, Galatians 1:20, 2 Corinthians 11:10, Philippians 1:8
2. 2That I have great heaviness and continual sorrow in my heart.36 cross-references: Philippians 3:18, Luke 19:41–44, Lamentations 3:51, Psalms 119:136, Jeremiah 13:17
3. 3For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh:41 cross-references: Exodus 32:32, Esther 8:6, Romans 11:14, Galatians 3:10, 1 Corinthians 16:22
4. 4Who are Israelites; to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises;91 cross-references: Ephesians 2:12, Psalms 147:19, Romans 9:6, Genesis 17:2, Acts 2:39
5. 5Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen.77 cross-references: Colossians 1:16–19, Romans 1:25, John 10:30, 1 John 5:20, John 1:1–3
6. 6Not as though the word of God hath taken none effect. For they are not all Israel, which are of Israel:33 cross-references: Romans 2:28–29, Galatians 6:16, Romans 11:1–2, Romans 3:3, Romans 4:12–16
7. 7Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called.31 cross-references: Genesis 21:12, Hebrews 11:18, John 8:37–39, Galatians 4:23, Luke 3:8
8. 8That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed.18 cross-references: John 1:13, Romans 4:11–16, Galatians 3:26–29, Romans 8:14, Galatians 4:22–31
9. 9For this is the word of promise, At this time will I come, and Sara shall have a son.10 cross-references: Genesis 18:10, Genesis 18:14, Genesis 17:21, Hebrews 11:11–12, Genesis 21:2
10. 10And not only this; but when Rebecca also had conceived by one, even by our father Isaac;13 cross-references: Genesis 25:21–23, Luke 16:26, Romans 5:11, Romans 5:3
11. 11(For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth;)47 cross-references: 2 Timothy 1:9, Ephesians 1:4–5, 2 Peter 1:10, Romans 8:28–30, Ephesians 1:9–11
12. 12It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger.4 cross-references: Genesis 25:22–23, 1 Kings 22:47, 2 Samuel 8:14
13. 13As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated.15 cross-references: Malachi 1:2–3, Genesis 29:31, Genesis 29:33, Deuteronomy 21:15, Luke 14:26
14. 14What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid.28 cross-references: 2 Chronicles 19:7, Psalms 145:17, Deuteronomy 32:4, Psalms 92:15, Job 34:10–12
15. 15For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.24 cross-references: Exodus 33:19, Romans 9:18–19, Romans 9:16, Micah 7:18, Exodus 34:6–7
16. 16So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy.25 cross-references: Ephesians 2:8, Matthew 11:25–26, 1 Peter 2:9–10, Ephesians 2:4–5, Philippians 2:13
17. 17For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth.40 cross-references: Exodus 9:16, Proverbs 16:4, Exodus 14:17–18, Exodus 10:1–2, Esther 4:14
18. 18Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth.33 cross-references: Joshua 11:20, Romans 9:15–16, Exodus 4:21, Romans 11:7–8, 2 Thessalonians 2:10–12
19. 19Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will?29 cross-references: Daniel 4:35, 2 Chronicles 20:6, 1 Corinthians 15:12, 1 Corinthians 15:35, Psalms 76:10
20. 20Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus?50 cross-references: Isaiah 29:16, Isaiah 45:9–11, Isaiah 64:8, Job 33:13, Job 40:2
21. 21Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another unto dishonour?24 cross-references: Isaiah 64:8, 2 Timothy 2:20–21, Proverbs 16:4, Acts 9:15, Jeremiah 18:3–6
22. 22What if God, willing to shew his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted to destruction:55 cross-references: Proverbs 16:4, Jude 1:4, Romans 9:21, 1 Peter 2:8, 2 Timothy 2:20
23. 23And that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto glory,59 cross-references: Romans 2:4, 1 Peter 1:2–5, Romans 5:20–21, Ephesians 2:10, Ephesians 3:16
24. 24Even us, whom he hath called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles?41 cross-references: Colossians 3:11, Romans 10:12, Genesis 49:10, Ephesians 2:11–13, Romans 8:28–30
25. 25As he saith also in Osee, I will call them my people, which were not my people; and her beloved, which was not beloved.26 cross-references: Hosea 2:23, 1 Peter 2:10, Ezekiel 16:8, Romans 1:7, John 16:27
26. 26And it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the children of the living God.17 cross-references: Hosea 1:9–10, 1 John 3:1–3, Romans 8:16, Isaiah 43:6, Galatians 3:26
27. 27Esaias also crieth concerning Israel, Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be saved:49 cross-references: Isaiah 10:20–23, Romans 11:4–6, Isaiah 1:9, Hosea 1:10, Genesis 22:17
28. 28For he will finish the work, and cut it short in righteousness: because a short work will the Lord make upon the earth.12 cross-references: Isaiah 10:23, Isaiah 30:12–14, Revelation 19:11, Acts 17:31, Isaiah 5:16
29. 29And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha.18 cross-references: Isaiah 1:9, James 5:4, Amos 4:11, Isaiah 13:19, Jeremiah 49:18
30. 30What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, which followed not after righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faith.63 cross-references: Philippians 3:9, Hebrews 11:7, Romans 4:11, Galatians 2:16, Romans 10:6
31. 31But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness.26 cross-references: Romans 11:7, Romans 3:20, Galatians 5:3–4, James 2:10–11, Romans 10:2–4
32. 32Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone;34 cross-references: 1 Corinthians 1:23, 1 Peter 2:8, Luke 7:23, Romans 11:11, Matthew 13:57
33. 33As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed.40 cross-references: Isaiah 28:16, Romans 10:11, Joel 2:26–27, Isaiah 8:14–15, 1 Peter 2:6–8

Explained connections

• Jacob I loved, Esau I hated Malachi 1:2 and Romans 9:13

  Malachi contrasts God's choice of Jacob (Israel) with Esau (Edom). Paul quotes it to show God's election, language that refers to the nations descended from the brothers and to choosing rather than emotional hatred.

• A stone of stumbling Isaiah 8:14 and Romans 9:33

  Isaiah warns that the LORD himself will be a stumbling stone for both houses of Israel. Paul blends this with Isaiah 28:16 to explain why many in Israel stumbled over Christ while those who believe are not put to shame.

• Whoever believes will not be ashamed Isaiah 28:16 and Romans 9:33

  Isaiah describes God laying a tested, precious cornerstone in Zion; whoever trusts it will not panic. Paul reads the stone as Christ and the promise as justification by faith, quoting it again in Romans 10:11.

• In Isaac shall your seed be called Genesis 21:12 and Romans 9:7

  God tells Abraham that his promised line will run through Isaac, not Ishmael. Paul uses it to show that not all physical descendants are children of the promise.

• Sarah shall have a son Genesis 18:10 and Romans 9:9

  The LORD promises a son to elderly Sarah within the year. Paul highlights that Isaac came by God's word of promise, not by natural means.

• The elder shall serve the younger Genesis 25:23 and Romans 9:12

  Before the twins Jacob and Esau are born, Rebekah is told the older will serve the younger. Paul uses it to show God's choice rests on his purpose, not on human achievement or birth order.

• I will have mercy on whom I will Exodus 33:19 and Romans 9:15

  When Moses asks to see God's glory, God proclaims his name and his sovereign freedom to show mercy. Paul quotes it in his discussion of election: mercy is God's to give.

• Raised up Pharaoh Exodus 9:16 and Romans 9:17

  God tells Pharaoh he was raised up so God's power and name would be known in all the earth. Paul cites it as an example of God using even opposition to display his glory.

• Not my people becomes my people Hosea 2:23 and Romans 9:25

  Hosea named his child 'Not my people' as judgement on Israel, then promised God would reverse it. Paul applies the reversal to Gentiles called into God's family.

• Children of the living God Hosea 1:10 and Romans 9:26

  Hosea promises that where Israel was called 'not my people' they will be called children of the living God. Paul extends it to all called from Jews and Gentiles.

• A remnant shall be saved Isaiah 10:22 and Romans 9:27

  Isaiah warns that although Israel is as numerous as the sand, only a remnant will return. Paul uses it to explain why only part of Israel had believed in the Messiah.

• Unless the Lord had left us a seed Isaiah 1:9 and Romans 9:29

  Isaiah says that without a surviving remnant Judah would have been wiped out like Sodom. Paul cites it to show the remnant is itself an act of God's mercy.

• The potter and the clay Jeremiah 18:6 and Romans 9:21

  At the potter's house Jeremiah learns Israel is like clay in God's hands. Paul uses the image to defend God's right to shape his purposes, as he discusses mercy and hardening.

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People in Romans 9

God, Jesus Christ, Isaac, Jacob, Isaiah, Holy Spirit, Abraham, Sarah, Esau, Moses, Pharaoh, Hosea

Places in Romans 9

Sodom, Gomorrah, Zion

Hard questions about Romans 9

• Is God impartial, or does he favour some people?
• Does God want everyone to be saved, or does he harden some?
• Does God love everyone, or does he hate some people?